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eISSN: 2661-6661
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Approved: January 22 , 2023
The challenge of educating men: how to
change attitudes and behaviors to
prevent gender-based violence
El desafío de educar a los hombres: como cambiar
actitudes y comportamientos para prevenir la
violencia de género
Elizabeth Adriana Madriaga Arevalo
*
Abstract
The purpose of the article was to systematically review the research
conducted to change attitudes and behaviors to prevent gender
violence and its impact in Peru. The prism method was used to
systematize the review of research articles in a transparent way, the
search engines were Dialnet, Redalyc, SciElo and others, retrieving
44 articles for the research. The results showed that the State should
generate programs aimed at the education sector so that minors
become aware of the negative effects of violence against women, in
this way they will be able to adapt their perception related to the
phenomenon and its current state, identifying that discrimination and
the affectation of women's rights because of their condition as
women is a problem that must disappear, likewise, the stories of the
surviving victims must be believed and the public authorities must
demonstrate suitability in the service to reduce the crime rate. It was
concluded that the State must generate public policies aimed at
respect for fundamental rights, equity and equal opportunities to
*Msc. Universidad Cesar Vallejo,
Lima Peru,
emadriagaa@ucvvirtual.edu.pe
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-2098
Article
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raise awareness and raise the values of minors during the educational
stage so that they do not continue to be recipients of negative
stereotypes that affect the free development of people in public
spaces and encourage episodes of uncontrolled violence.
Key words: gender violence, timely intervention, education, family
health, self-esteem.
Resumen
El artículo tuvo como finalidad la revisión sistemática de las
investigaciones realizadas para cambiar las actitudes y
comportamientos para prevenir la violencia de género y su impacto
en el Perú. Se utilizó el método prisma para sistematizar la revisión
de los artículos de investigación de forma transparente, los motores
de búsqueda fueron Dialnet, Redalyc, SciElo y otros, recuperándose
44 artículos para la investigación. Los resultados demostraron que,
el Estado debe de generar programas destinados al sector educación
para que los menores tomen consciencia sobre los efectos negativos
de la violencia contra la mujer, de esta manera podrán adecuar su
percepción relacionada al fenómeno y el estado actual del mismo,
identificando que la discriminación y la afectación a los derechos de
las mujeres por su condición de tal es un problema que debe
desaparecer, asimismo, se debe de creer en los relatos de las víctimas
sobrevivientes y las autoridades públicas deben de demostrar
idoneidad en el servicio para reducir la tasa de criminalidad. Se
concluyó que, el Estado debe de generar políticas públicas
destinadas al respeto de los derechos fundamentales, a la equidad e
igualdad de oportunidades para concientizar y elevar los valores que
tienen los menores durante la etapa educativa con el objeto de que
no sigan siendo recipientes de estereotipos negativos que afectan el
libre desarrollo de las personas en los espacios públicos y fomentan
episodios de violencia descontrolada.
Palabras clave: Violencia de género, intervención oportuna,
educación, salud familiar, autoestima.
Introduction
The negative effects of COVID-19 directly and irreversibly affected
the life, health and economy of the human family (International
Labor Organization, 2020), in addition, the measures of confinement
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and compulsory isolation dictated by the governments in power
throughout the world generated an alarming level of violence within
homes, The main victims were girls and women who were subjected
to violence by their parents, grandparents, brothers, cousins, among
other subjects who lived in or came to their homes in order to fulfill
a role of care or protection that they never provided to their victims
(UN Women, 2020). According to Palacios, et al. (2022) in the
publications of the World Health Organization, it is estimated that
worldwide one in three women has suffered physical and/or sexual
violence by a partner, family members or third parties at some point
in her life.
Latin America has been characterized for embracing gender
inequalities because it does not offer the same opportunities to
women compared to men. The most realistic interpretation of the
phenomenon is justified by the deliberate application of a patriarchal
culture where power relations between men and women are
manifested in sexist practices that protect discrimination and
violence against women based on cultural stereotypes. According to
Palacios, et al. (2022) at least 4091 women were victims of femicide
in 26 countries, being 17 in Latin America and 9 in the Caribbean
during, being these figures a clear contravention of the 2030 Agenda
for Sustainable Development where the transcendence of gender
equality is recognized to achieve a peaceful, prosperous, sustainable
and established world, eliminating all forms of violence against
women and girls in the public and private sector, generating
environments of gender equality and empowerment of the same
(Vacacela and Mideros, 2022; Vázquez, et al. 2021; United Nations,
2018).
In Peru, episodes of violence against women are a social
phenomenon entrenched in the culture, as indicated by Rodas, et al.
(2022) violence is present in every moment of our lives and is
manifested in various ways, whether physical or verbal abuse,
therefore, Palacios, et al. (2022) indicated that Peru along with
Colombia occupy the second place among Latin American countries
with the highest percentage (38.For this reason, the World Health
Organization declared this phenomenon as a public health problem
that not only leaves lesions on the victim's body, but the damage
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transcends the victim, generating psychological disorders or
deprivation that can lead to death.
Di Napoli (2021) indicated that at the National Autonomous
University of Mexico, the students of the College of Sciences and
Humanities carried out actions aimed at publicizing the complaints
against male professors and students who exercised some type of
violence against female students or teachers of the campus, For this
purpose, they used social networks such as Facebook and carried out
strikes and takeovers of the establishments. These events generated
reflection on the importance of this social problem and how public
institutions linked to the education sector should take measures
aimed at preventing violence and machismo in their infrastructures.
Accordingly, Varela (2020) exposed the problem of gender violence
in universities that generates conditions of inequality that affect the
access, permanence and mobility of women within the institutions,
this phenomenon is visible with the division of careers labeled in an
eminently masculine way such as engineering, while careers linked
to personal care, pedagogy, nutrition or psychology are considered
as feminine; Consequently, this conditioning or labeling turns out to
be a problem that can affect the psychology and performance of
female students (Aroca, 2020), depriving them of the rights that the
Constitution and international human rights treaties guarantee them.
Boscán's (2023) research was considered due to the need to change
the education of children at home and in public and private
institutions so that they do not develop massive behaviors, because
our society molds and conditions us to follow sexist and homophobic
ideas that form the basis of a macho and male-dominated identity
where women must behave submissive and complacent, validating
the roles of power.
In the same way, Vázquez, et al. (2022) indicated that institutions
related to the education sector should be involved in social problems
immediately because they coexist with people and generate an
institutional culture that is born from the interpersonal relationships
that occur in educational spaces and social models. However, it is
necessary to consider not only the problems that affect this social
group, but also the problems that exist within these groups, Baron
(2019) indicated that some minorities belonging to the feminist
movement have denounced their lack of visibility and representation
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within these spaces, due to this problem, many women have felt
discriminated against for belonging to disadvantaged minorities for
that reason there is severe questioning of the hegemonies that
feminism poses.
Likewise, we take Jimeno's (2019) concept of emotional
configuration to denominate the "set of culturally formed actions and
representations, in which emotion and cognition, gender hierarchies
and legal action, emotional subjectivity and violent objective action
are fed back". This being a linking exercise where "the micro - in
this case the event of violence and its symbolic transformation into
a significant event - and the macro - the social structures of gender
and their relationship with the use of violence" (Di Napoli, 2021,
p.4). Additionally, the concept of Microphysics of Power (Foucault,
1992, as cited in Baron, 2019, p. 90) was considered, where it is
argued that power does not consist of the domination of an individual
over others, but rather, power is exercised thanks to a reticular
organization of principles shared by the whole, therefore, gender
norms internalize and construct individuals.
The objective of the research was to systematically review the
research conducted to change attitudes and behaviors to prevent
gender-based violence and its impact in Peru.
Materials and methods
The systematic review of the background of ten articles used that are
related to the research was carried out, for this, the search for
research articles related to "The challenge of educating men: how to
change attitudes and behaviors to prevent gender violence" was
performed through the databases of: Dialnet, Redalyc, SciElo and
others, in the languages of English and Spanish, where we have come
to extract information from the year 2019 to 2023. The criteria for
inclusion and exclusion have been the inclusion of research articles,
postgraduate research that have been published in the last 4 years.
To take into consideration whether a study was applicable, we chose
to review the title of the study, the objective, and methodology, if
this was not clear to be eligible, a complete study of the text of the
research would be conducted; therefore, we used the Prisma tool
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where the author's name, research objectives, methodology and
instrument will be used in a structured manner.
Results
A total of 44 research studies were found, where the databases used
to obtain the required information were taken into account. After
filtering and analyzing the research studies according to the title and
their objectives, 10 articles were selected because they were
developed according to the prism statement.
Table 1. Identifications of the investigations
N.°
AUTHOR
REFERENCE
METHODOLOGY
AND
INSTRUMENT
RESULT
1
Vacacela, S.,
and Mideros, A.
(2022).
Qualitative
approach,
descriptive non-
experimental design.
Instrument:
Documentary
analysis guide.
In the community
and social scenarios,
comprehensive
strategies for
empowerment and
poverty reduction
should be
considered and, at
the individual level,
prevention should
be focused on young
women, women
living in poverty,
indigenous women
and women in long-
term relationships.
2
Echeverría, R.,
Evia, N., and
Carrillo, C.
(2022).
Qualitative
approach, design
and systematization
of experiences.
Instrument:
Documentary
analysis guide.
Lessons learned
from the experience,
related to
The main topics are
expressions of
power, institutional
decisions,
interdiscipline,
teamwork, training
processes,
resistance to
change,
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socialization
processes and
evaluation.
3
Vázquez, A.,
Ramos, A., and
Sandoval, I.
(2021).
Qualitative
paradigm, empirical
phenomenological
design and
descriptive content
analysis.
Instrument:
Documentary
analysis guide.
There is a need and
importance to
promote gender
equity within labor
structures,
individual and
institutional
practices, which has
become an essential
experience to
eradicate gender
violence.
Gender-based
violence is part of
the institutional
culture and has been
openly manifested
since ancient times;
therefore, it
reproduces forms of
discrimination and
violence against
women that are still
chronic problems in
all countries of the
world today.
4
Mendieta, L.
(2022).
Qualitative
approach, literature
review design.
Instrument:
Documentary
analysis guide.
The results showed
deficiencies and
non-compliance
with the law and
lack of attention to
the problem on the
part of the
responsible
agencies. In
conclusion, the need
for the conscious
application of the
stipulations, the
operation of the
System and its
instruments, the
allocation of the
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necessary budget
and, above all, the
need to increase
prevention work and
the initiative to
adopt practical
solutions at the level
of the autonomous
government of the
territory.
5
Brito, S.,
Basualto, L.,
and Posada, M.
(2021).
Qualitative
approach,
phenomenological
design.
Instrument:
Interview guide and
documentary
analysis.
Femicide is a social
scourge that women
perceive as being
close to their own
lives; it produces
mixed emotions of
fear, anger, and
insecurity due to
their experiences in
their immediate
environments and is
perceived as the
final result of the
cycle of relational
violence and the
scarcity of
mechanisms for its
prevention and
control.
6
Ramirez, J.,
Alarcon, R., &
Ortega, S.
(2020).
Qualitative
approach, design
was bibliographic,
critical and
documentary
review, according to
the descriptive-
argumentative
method.
Instrument:
Documentary
analysis guide.
Gender violence has
historically been
related to women,
affecting them in
different economic,
political, social and
cultural spheres.
National
legislations and
their strategies for
prevention and
eradication have
their origin in
international norms,
however, despite the
efforts made, there
are reports of
alarming figures
that show
weaknesses in the
implementation or
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execution of
procedures adopted
in the region to
apply the current
regulations that
guarantee and
protect the rights of
women to live a life
free of violence.
7
Domínguez, L.,
Palma, I., and
Olas, M.
(2020).
Qualitative
approach and
discourse analysis
design.
Instrument:
Documentary
analysis guide.
It was found that
these media
contribute to a
double visibility of
child to parent
violence by
uncovering the
experiences and
feelings present in
families living this
situation, and in
turn, claiming the
commitment and
responsibility of all
social spheres
involved in its
prevention and care.
8
Varela, H.
(2020).
Qualitative
approach and
grounded theory
design.
Instrument:
Documentary
analysis guide.
The authorities act
in a reactive
manner, with few
measures to prevent
violence. The lack
of a comprehensive
and systematic
approach results in
erratic and hasty
responses, which
causes generalized
unease in the
university
community, without
any in-depth
attention to the
problem.
9
Rodriguez, V.,
Mercado, E., &
Morales, S.
(2020).
Quantitative,
descriptive and
comparative
approach of two
The persistence of
sexist biases and the
progress and
setbacks in the
conceptualization of
gender-based
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time points (2010
and 2019).
Instrument:
Questionnaire.
violence are clearly
mapped by
comparing the data
obtained in both
studies.
10
Aroca, A.
(2020).
Documentary
analysis approach,
cross-sectional.
Instrument:
Interview guide and
documentary
analysis.
Verbal violence
causes
psychological
damage and is
present in the family
and at school, and
because it does not
leave physical
evidence on the
victim, it goes
unnoticed by
parents and
teachers, who
conceive it as a
normal attitude
according to the
stages of growth and
age groups where
they develop.
In consideration of the systematic review of the research carried out,
it was determined that at present the gaps related to gender problems
continue, establishing spaces of power that generate inequality, not
only between men and women, but also that, within the feminist
collectives themselves, there are problems of discrimination against
women whose origin or current social situation is considered as
minor or not influential to take into account their expressions or
promote change in their ways of living within society.
In consideration of the problems represented by discrimination or
mistreatment within the current feminist collectives, the problems
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that can be generated with the application of Foucault's (1992)
Microphysics of Power are warned (Baron, 2019) due to the fact that
the people in charge of administering justice based on gender norms
can generate grievances to other members of society because there
is the intervention of particular or group interests that unfortunately
affect the progress of institutionality.
Discussion
Therefore, it is necessary that not only male minors should be
educated with an anti-macho approach in homes or educational
institutions of the public or private sector, as pointed out by Boscán
(2023), but also that a whole generation of minors should adopt
criteria with emphasis on the protection of the human rights of all
individuals, regardless of whether they are male or female, since the
prevalence or overprotection of one gender over the other may
camouflage injustices or discriminatory behaviors.
Therefore, there is a need to support the initiatives of national and
international public policies aimed at combating discrimination
against women and the human family in general, applied in social
spaces where it can ensure greater dissemination for a better sharing
of information among members of society, for this, we considered
the spaces of the education sector at different levels regardless of
whether they belong to the public or private sector, this being a
strategy that combats exclusion and inequality between people,
promoting respect and fair treatment between the relationships that
can be established within the community.
The importance of pedagogy with a gender perspective is a
mechanism that sensitizes students about the existing problem in
relation to unequal societies, which is why it was considered that the
educational process and coexistence are means to overcome the
problem of machismo, since minors will be informed in a timely
manner with values that will allow them to be more aware of the
negative consequences of machismo and its maintenance in society.
The maintenance of unequal societies and violence against women
is a problem that attacks society, because the negative effect not only
falls on the victim but also on the family and other people directly
related to the victim, because the affected woman develops multiple
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feelings such as fear, anger and insecurities, making her unstable and
unable to be tolerant with others and with herself; Consequently,
there is a duty to respect and guarantee women's rights on the part of
the State and organized society, which is why the authorities must
act immediately to discourage violence within the home. For this
reason, survivors must be listened to, believed and understood
because the episodes of violence may have pierced not only their
skin, but also their memory, their recollection and identity, making
them more vulnerable to the negative events they remember.
The State has the duty to respect and guarantee the rights of the
people residing in its jurisdiction, above all, it has to protect the most
vulnerable people, therefore, in the face of episodes of aggression,
the State, through the police of the sector, has to act in a preventive
and timely manner in order to avoid the commission of a crime or
evaluate the degree of exposure or risk in which the victim is, and
not wait for a negative event to occur that affects society. It was
concluded that the State must generate public policies aimed at
respecting fundamental rights, equity and equal opportunities to
raise awareness and raise the values of minors during the educational
stage so that they do not continue to be recipients of negative
stereotypes that affect the free development of people in public
spaces and encourage episodes of uncontrolled violence.
It was concluded that the survivor's story must be listened to,
believed and understood, because the episodes of violence may have
negatively affected her senses to the point of turning her into an
introverted person, fearful and insecure of herself and of others.
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