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Postgraduate programs registered in the
SNP of CONAHCYT in Chiapas.
Exploratory study
Programas de posgrado inscritos en el SNP del
CONAHCYT en Chiapas. Estudio exploratorio
Francisco Iván López Gutiérrez
*
Abstract
The National Council of Humanities, Science and Technology
(CONAHCYT) is the most important body in Mexico to dictate
public policies, coordinate, indicate standards, rules and strategies
related to science, humanities, technology and innovation; within
this council is the newly created National Graduate System (SNP)
that replaced in 2022 the National Quality Graduate Program
(PNPC), which was responsible for evaluating graduate programs
nationwide, with this change a structural reform was proposed in
which it is intended that the instance is no longer punitive. Given
these changes of national relevance, it is pertinent to analyze what
has happened with the CONAHCYT postgraduate programs in a
decade in the state of Chiapas, since being one of the states with the
greatest educational backwardness, it is essential to know the
situation of education through postgraduate programs as an
instrument of measurement, since doing so will allow us to analyze
* Dr. Education, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas,
Chiapas, Mexico, ivan.gutierrez@unach.mx,
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2623-8573
Article
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the progress, setbacks and possible challenges that these educational
programs may have.
Keywords: Chiapas, postgraduate studies, public universities.
Resumen
El Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencia y Tecnología
(CONAHCYT) es en México el órgano más importante para dictar
las políticas públicas, coordinar, indicar las normas, reglas y
estrategias relacionadas con las ciencias, humanidades, tecnología e
innovación; dentro de este consejo se encuentra el recién creado
Sistema Nacional de Posgrados (SNP) que sustituyó en 2022 al
Programa Nacional de Posgrados de Calidad (PNPC), que se
encargaba de evaluar los posgrados a nivel nacional, con este cambio
se planteó una reforma estructural en la que se pretende que la
instancia ya no sea punitiva. Ante estos cambios de relevancia
nacional se plantea pertinente analizar qué ha sucedido con los
posgrados CONAHCYT en una década en el estado de Chiapas, pues
al ser de los estados con mayor rezago educativo resulta primordial
conocer la situación de la educación a través de los posgrados como
un instrumento de medición, pues hacerlo nos permitirá analizar el
avance, retroceso y posibles retos que tengan estos programas
educativos.
Palabras clave: Chiapas, posgrados, universidades públicas.
Introduction
In Chiapas we find several indicators that show the educational
backwardness that has historically prevailed, for example, according
to the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) in its
report of 2022, the level of schooling of the population aged 15 years
and older is 7.For example, according to the National Institute of
Statistics and Geography (INEGI) in its 2022 report, the level of
schooling of the population 15 years of age and older is 7.8 grades
(second year of high school) compared to the national average of 9.7
(higher education) and the backwardness is accentuated when we
refer to indigenous populations that represent 40 percent of the
population in our entity, where the average level of schooling is 6.2
(elementary school).
For the case of higher education in Mexico, according to the OECD
(2019), of the population of young adults aged 25 to 34 years 23
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60
percent completed higher education, but that percentage is still
below the average of OECD countries where it reaches 44 percent,
it is important to mention this because "higher education is the most
important level of any education system worldwide, since in this rest
three relevant actions for any nation-state that seeks its economic,
cultural and social development: teaching, research and social
responsibility" (Acuña, Mérida and Gutiérrez, 2023, p. 206).
Due to the above, the outlook is not encouraging when it comes to
entering a postgraduate program, and it becomes even more complex
depending on the areas of knowledge.
Doctoral education in Mexico is limited in scale and focused on a
few areas of study. Only 0.1% of the population aged 25-64 in
Mexico has a PhD, the lowest proportion among OECD
countries.(OECD, 2019, p.2).
Therefore, the importance of postgraduate programs, since there are
very significant deficiencies, as shown in the above data, therefore,
we will analyze whether there has been an increase in postgraduate
programs in HEIs in a decade, it should be noted that this is the
advance of a broader research project that is currently underway, But
we can already present the preliminary progress of the research in an
exploratory way, since in the second part of this research we will
conduct interviews with key people in the postgraduate programs to
see the challenges they have faced with the change of each public
policy and what is the outlook that arises from the changes that are
taking place.
CONAHCYT was created in 1970 and over time it has been
modified and updated according to the needs at certain times. With
respect to the evaluation of postgraduate programs, it began in 1991
with the National Postgraduate Program of Excellence, which was
in force from 1991 to 2000; later was the Program for the
Strengthening of National Postgraduate Programs, which lasted from
2001 to 2006; and later was the National Program for Quality
Postgraduate Programs (PNPC) from 2007 to 2022 and currently the
National Postgraduate System (SNP). The above raises several
reforms.
Conacyt granted accreditations and seals of distinction derived from
something they misnamed "quality measurement", constructed from
indicators based on productivity approximations and inferences,
which fostered an "academic artifice" (CONAHCYT, 2021, p.23).
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Currently, the SNP is proposed as an inclusive and flexible space in
which students have the opportunity to apply directly for the
scholarships granted by CONAHCYT, in addition to eliminating the
rigid evaluation criteria among which, for example, the terminal
efficiency of 50 percent of students six months after graduation,
which left both students and staff of the respective postgraduate
program under a stressful dynamic, not prioritizing the academic
field.
The SNP is a space for inclusion, in which priority is given to
individuals, eliminating biases and obstacles to ensure that all
students admitted to Specialties, Master's and Doctoral programs in
priority areas have the same opportunities to access scholarships
from the National Council for Science and Technology (Conacyt),
who do not have support from their institutions have the same
opportunities to access scholarship support from the National
Council of Science and Technology (Conacyt), through direct
application and simplification of administrative processes in the SNP
and Scholarship platforms, under the principle of "leave no one
behind, leave no one out".(CONAHCYT, 2022)
Now, in the case of Chiapas, the Higher Education Institutions (HEI)
with postgraduate programs in CONAHCYT in 2023 are the
following:
• Autonomous University of Chiapas (UNACH)
• University of Sciences and Arts of Chiapas (UNICACH)
• Center for Research and Higher Studies in Social
Anthropology (CIESAS)
• El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR)
• Tecnológico Nacional de México, Campus Tuxtla Gutiérrez
(ITTG)
• Intercultural University of Chiapas (UNICH)
• Polytechnic University of Chiapas (UPCHIAPAS)
Materials and methods
Among these HEIs we find a total of 43 postgraduate programs
ascribed to the SNP-CONAHCYT, in the following table we observe
the total number of postgraduate programs per decade. 15
postgraduate programs in 2013, 30 in 2016 and 43 in 2023 (see Table
1).
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Table 1. Postgraduate programs decade 2013- 2023
2013
2016
2023
1
0
0
2
2
0
2
2
3
1
1
1
4
3
3
3
5
1
2
4
6
6
13
13
7
4
9
18
15
30
43
Source: Own elaboration with SNP-CONAHCYT data.
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Below, we can see graphically how many programs each HEI has
had in the decade presented, and in this way we can analyze the
growth of some universities such as UNICACH, which went from 4
to 18 postgraduate programs, which is an integral work of this
institution.
Results
It is observed that five HEIs have maintained accredited programs
(permanence), these instances are: UPCHIAPAS, ECOSUR, ITTG,
UNACH and UNICACH; in 2016 we find the entry of CIESAS with
two programs and for the year 2023 two more programs, giving a
total of four; and for 2023 the entry of UNICH with two accredited
programs.
Image 1. Postgraduate programs of Chiapas HEIs incorporated to
CONAHCYT in 2013, 2016 and 2023.
Source: own elaboration
It is possible to speak of a growth (income) on the part of UNICH
with two programs, CIESAS with four programs, ITTG that went
from one to four, UNACH from six to 13 and UNICACH which is
the most notable case of growth that went from four to 18
postgraduate programs. According to the analysis, there has been no
growth in the decade for UPCHIAPAS and ECOSUR, which have
maintained the same number of accredited programs throughout the
decade. The following data (see Graph 2) shows the growth by type
of program, by specialty, master's or doctorate.
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Image 2. Growth of postgraduate programs incorporated to
CONAHCYT in the decade 2013-2023 in Chiapas.
Source: own elaboration
As for the specialties have remained two in the decade, we can
observe the increase of master's degrees that went from 10 in 2013,
doubled to 20 in 2016 and by 2013 rose to 28; for the doctorate from
three postgraduates increased to 13 in 2023.
As indicated in the above information, the growth of postgraduate
programs has been observed over the decade, although it has not
been an exponential growth. This can be argued by comparing the
programs accredited by CONAHCYT in states with similar
population indexes, as shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Number of postgraduate programs in the SNP-CONAHCYT
in three states with similar population indices
State
Approximate
number of
inhabitants
Number of accredited
programs SNP-
CONAHCYT
Nuevo León
5 784 442
164
Chiapas
5 543 828
43
Michoacán
4 748 846
75
2
10
32
20
8
2
28
13
ESPECIALIDAD MAESTRÍA DOCTORADO
2013 2016 2023
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Oaxaca
4 132 148
59
Source: own elaboration with data from INEGI 2020.
We can analyze the similarity in the number of inhabitants between
Nuevo León and Chiapas, and we can see that access to knowledge
through postgraduate programs is very differentiated, while the
inhabitants of Nuevo León have the opportunity to select from 164
postgraduate programs, in Chiapas there are only 43; However, if we
compare with the other two states in the previous table, in the case
of Michoacán and Oaxaca, although they have fewer inhabitants,
almost 100,000 less than Chiapas, they still have more postgraduate
programs in SNP-CONAHCYT (see Table 2).
The Intercultural University of Chiapas (UNICH) and its
postgraduate programs
This university is located in San Cristobal de Las Casas and began
academic activities in 2005 with the purpose of providing quality
public education and as promoters to preserve native languages and
cultures. The academic offerings at the higher level are: Bachelor's
Degree in Agroecology, Bachelor's Degree in Intercultural
Communication, Bachelor's Degree in Intercultural Law, Bachelor's
Degree in Sustainable Development, Bachelor's Degree in Language
and Culture, Bachelor's Degree in Medical Surgeon and Bachelor's
Degree in Alternative Tourism.
This University also has four Multidisciplinary Academic Units in
the municipalities of Salto de Agua, Yajalón, Oxchuc and Las
Margaritas. In terms of postgraduate programs, it has only two
master's degrees (see Table 3) that are accredited in the SNP-
CONAHCYT, one with a research orientation and the other with a
professional orientation.
Table 3. UNICH Postgraduate programs SNP-CONAHCYT in 2023
Institution
Total
Program
Orientation
Area
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1
Intercultural
University of
Chiapas (UNICH)
2
Programs
Master's Degree in Intercultural
Studies
Research
Area V: Social
Sciences
Master's Degree in Social and
Solidarity Economy
Professional
Area V: Social
Sciences
Source: prepared with data from SNP-CONAHCYT, 2023.
CIESAS and its graduate programs
CIESAS was founded in 1973 and was restructured in 1980, which
gave way to what it is today and to the guidelines that govern it and
its main objective is to train specialized human resources. It has
seven sites, including Mexico City and five Regional Units:
Southeast, West Gulf, and Peninsular and Isthmus, in addition to a
regional program (Northeast).
In the case of Chiapas, the Southeast Regional Unit is located in San
Cristóbal de Las Casas. Its educational offerings are postgraduate
programs, with two programs that have prevailed over those of the
middle of the decade and both master's and doctoral programs have
a research orientation (see Table 4).
Table 4. CIESAS SNP-CONAHCYT postgraduate programs in 2023
Institution
Total
Program
Orientation
Area
2
Center for
Research and
Higher Studies
in Social
Anthropology
(CIESAS)
2
Programs
Master's
Degree in
Social
Anthropology
Research
Area IV:
Humanities
and
Behavioral
Sciences
D. in Social
Anthropology
Research
Area IV:
Humanities
and
Behavioral
Sciences
Source: prepared with data from SNP-CONAHCYT, 2023.
The Polytechnic University of Chiapas (UPCHIAPAS) and its
postgraduate programs
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UPCHIAPAS is one of the most recent universities, since it was
created in 2004, it began operations in Tuxtla Gutiérrez and later
moved to the municipality of Suchiapa where its facilities were built.
This university offers engineering courses. With respect to
postgraduate studies, it only has one accredited graduate degree and
this is the one it has had throughout the decade (see Table 5), we can
also note that the permanence has been important, mainly with the
previous criteria of the extinct PNPC, it can be considered as a merit,
however, it is still a contribution to education and to its very small
disciplinary field.
Table 5. UPCHIAPAS Postgraduate Programs SNP-CONAHCYT in
2023
Institution
Total
Program
Orientation
Area
3
Polytechnic
University of
Chiapas
(UPCHIAPAS)
1
Program
Master's
Degree in
Renewable
Energy
Research
Area VII:
Engineering
Source: prepared with data from SNP-CONAHCYT, 2023.
El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR) and its postgraduate
programs
ECOSUR was founded in 1975, as a result of the interest in studying
and doing research on tropical biology and Chiapas turned out to be
the ideal place to do it, located in San Cristobal de Las Casas, today
there are schools in Campeche, Chetumal, Tapachula and
Villahermosa. There are three postgraduate programs, two of which
are master's degrees and one doctorate, while one master's degree is
professionally oriented (see Table 6).
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Table 6. ECOSUR Postgraduate Programs SNP-CONAHCYT in
2023
Institution
Total
Program
Orientation
Area
4
El Colegio de la
Frontera Sur
(ECOSUR)
3
Programs
Master of Science in
Natural Resources and
Rural Development
Research
Area V: Social
Sciences
Master in Agroecology
Professional
Area VI:
Biotechnology and
Agricultural
Sciences
Doctor of Science in
Ecology and Sustainable
Development
Research
Area II: Biology and
Chemistry
Source: prepared with data from SNP-CONAHCYT, 2023.
ITTG and its graduate programs
The Instituto Tecnológico de Tuxtla Gutiérrez was created in the
1970s, its educational offerings are focused on engineering and its
four graduate programs increased from one in 2013 to four by 2023.
All its programs are research oriented (see Table 7).
Table 7. ITTG Postgraduate programs SNP-CONAHCYT in 2023
Institution
Total
Program
Orientation
Area
5
Tecnológico
Nacional de
México (Instituto
Tecnológico de
Tuxtla Gutiérrez)
(ITTG)
4
Programs
Master of Science in
Biochemical
Engineering
Research
Area VI:
Biotechnology and
Agricultural
Sciences
Master of Science in
Mechatronics
Engineering
Research
Area VII:
Engineering
Ph.D. in Food Science
and Biotechnology
Research
Area Vi:
Biotechnology and
Agricultural
Sciences
D. in Engineering
Sciences
Research
Area VII:
Engineering
Source: prepared with data from SNP-CONAHCYT, 2023.
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The Autonomous University of Chiapas (UNACH) and its
postgraduate programs
The Autonomous University of Chiapas (UNACH) is one of the
oldest institutions of higher education, founded in 1975 in the city of
Tuxtla Gutierrez and currently has Faculties, Schools, Centers and
Institutes, it is also one of the largest universities in the state. It has
13 postgraduate programs; it is the only university that has three
levels of postgraduate studies, specialty, master's and doctorate.
There are four postgraduate programs with a professional orientation
and nine with a research orientation (see Table 8).
It is worth noting that, although the analysis of the decade indicates
that there was growth from 2013 to 2023, it can also be argued that
from 2016 to date there was no increase in postgraduate programs,
if we put it in comparison with UNICACH (see Table 9) which
doubled its postgraduate programs, we could say that this institution
should analyze the projection of these and possible programs.
Table 8. UNACH Postgraduate Programs SNP-CONAHCYT in
2023
Institution
Total
Program
Orientation
Area
6
Autonomous
University of
Chiapas
(UNACH)
13
programs
Specialty in
Mathematics
Didactics
Professional
Area IV:
Humanities and
Behavioral
Sciences
Specialty in
Cultural
Processes in
Reading and
Writing
Professional
Area IV:
Humanities and
Behavioral
Sciences
Master of
Science in
Tropical
Agricultural
Production
Research
Area VI:
Biotechnology and
Agricultural
Sciences
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Master's
Degree in
Local
Development
Research
Area V: Social
Sciences
Master's
Degree in
Cultural
Studies
Research
Area IV:
Humanities and
Behavioral
Sciences
Master of
Science in
Mathematics
Research
Area I: Physics-
Mathematics and
Earth Sciences
Master's
Degree in
Physical
Sciences
Research
Area I: Physics-
Mathematics and
Earth Science
Master's
Degree in
Didactics of
Languages
Professional
Area IV:
Humanities and
Behavioral
Sciences
Master's
Degree in
Human Rights
Defense
Professional
Area V: Social
Sciences
Master's
Degree in
Studies on
Cultural
Diversity and
Social Spaces
Research
Area IV:
Humanities and
Behavioral
Sciences
PhD in
Regional
Studies
Research
Area V: Social
Sciences
Doctorate in
Law
Research
Area V: Social
Sciences
PhD in
Agricultural
Sciences and
Sustainability
Research
Area VI:
Biotechnology and
Agricultural
Sciences
Source: prepared with data from SNP-CONAHCYT, 2023.
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The University of Sciences and Arts of Chiapas (UNICACH) and its
postgraduate programs
UNICACH, in accordance with its educational model, has bachelor's
degrees based on professional and personal competencies, where it
also encourages research, mobility, and has bachelor's degrees
focused on Fine Arts, Health Sciences, Natural Sciences,
Engineering, Business, Social and Humanities, and Tourism and
Gastronomy. The postgraduate educational offer consists of 18
postgraduate programs, including 12 master's degrees and six
doctorates. There are four professionally oriented postgraduate
programs and eight research-oriented postgraduate programs (see
Table 9).
Table 9. UNICACH Postgraduate Programs SNP-CONAHCYT in
2023
Institution
Total
Program
Orientation
7
University of
Sciences and Arts
of Chiapas
(UNICACH)
18 programs
Master's Degree in Social
Sciences and Humanities
Research
Master's Degree in
History
Research
Master's Degree in
Renewable Energy
Materials and Systems
Research
Master of Science in
Biodiversity and
Conservation of Tropical
Ecosystems
Research
Master of Science in
Sustainable Development
and Risk Management
Research
Master's Degree in
Feminist Studies and
Intervention
Research
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Master of Music
Professional
Master in Public Health
and Sustainability
Professional
Master's Degree in
Nutrition and Sustainable
Food
Professional
Master's Degree in Risk
and Climate Change
Management
Professional
Master's Degree in
Agroforestry Sciences
Research
Master's Degree in
Psychosocial Studies
Research
D. in Social Sciences and
Humanities
Research
Doctorate in Feminist
Studies and Intervention
Research
PhD in Renewable Energy
Materials and Systems
Research
Doctor of Science in
Biodiversity and
Conservation of Tropical
Ecosystems
Research
D. in Historical Sciences
Research
Doctorate in Psychology
Research
Source: prepared with data from SNP-CONAHCYT, 2023.
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SNP-CONAHCYT postgraduate programs in Chiapas by areas of
knowledge
Also considered in this exploratory study is the analysis by areas of
knowledge in which the postgraduate programs offered in Chiapas
are registered, in which Area IV: Humanities and Behavioral
Sciences stands out, with 12 postgraduate programs (27.9%),
followed by Area V: Social Sciences with 11 programs (25.8%), and
Area III: Medicine and Health Sciences with one postgraduate
program (2.3%).This is followed by Area V: Social Sciences with 11
programs (25.8%), and Area III: Medicine and Health Sciences with
one graduate program (2.3%) and Area I: Physics-Mathematics and
Earth Sciences with two graduate programs (4.6%) (see Table 10).
Table 10. SNP-CONAHCYT postgraduate programs in 2023 by
areas of knowledge
Knowledge area
CONAHCYT
Programs
Abs.
%
I: Physics-Mathematics and Earth
Sciences
2
4.6 %
II: Biology and Chemistry
4
9.3 %
III: Medicine and Health Sciences
1
2.3 %
IV: Humanities and Behavioral
Sciences
12
27.9 %
V: Social Sciences
11
25.8 %
VI: Biotechnology and Agricultural
Sciences
7
16.2 %
VII: Engineering
6
13.9 %
Total
43
100 %
Source: Prepared by the authors with data from SNP-CONAHCYT,
2023.
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As mentioned above, there are 43 graduate programs offered by the
HEIs of Chiapas and they are offered at the following seven HEIs:
The Intercultural University of Chiapas (UNICH), Autonomous
University of Chiapas (UNACH), the University of Sciences and
Arts of Chiapas (UNICACH), The College of the Southern Border
(ECOSUR), The Technological Institute of Tuxtla Gutierrez (ITTG),
the Center for Research and Higher Studies in Social Anthropology
(CIESAS) and the Polytechnic University of Chiapas
(UPCHIAPAS). Of these, 28 (65.11%) are master's degree
programs; 13 (30.23%) are doctoral programs and two (4.65%) are
specialties (see Table 11). The HEI that offers the most programs (18
in total) and covers two postgraduate levels (master's and doctorate)
is UNICACH (see Table 9).
Table 11. Number of SNP-CONAHCYT postgraduate programs in
2023 by areas of knowledge
Institution
Specialties
Masters
Doctorates
Total
Abs.
%
Abs.
%
Abs.
%
Abs.
%
UNACH
2
15.5
8
61.5
3
23.0
13
100.0
UNICACH
0
0
12
66.66
6
33.33
18
100.0
CIESAS
0
0
1
50
1
50
2
100.0
ECOSUR
0
0
2
66.66
1
33.33
3
100.0
ITTG
0
0
2
50
2
50
4
100.0
UNICH
0
0
2
100
0
0
2
100.0
UPCHIAPAS
0
0
1
100
0
0
1
100.0
Total
2
4.65
28
65.11
13
30.23
43
100.0
Source: Prepared by the authors with data from SNP-CONAHCYT,
2023.
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Discussion
Some final ideas that we can outline revolve around the growth of
postgraduate programs, the permanence and entry of postgraduate
programs is recognized, in some HEIs more than in others, but which
of course have a positive impact on the population that wants to enter
a program to strengthen their research or professional capacity and
of course to obtain an economic benefit through a scholarship to
carry out these studies.
The national panorama regarding the change and application of
federal public policies is also a fundamental axis, we can indicate
that there will be a challenge for the universities, for the basic and
extended academic nuclei of the postgraduate programs and for the
student community, since the adjustments, although they are already
being made since last year (2022) are still not entirely clear, which
should lead to the analysis and to make the corresponding
adjustments.
Finally, something that is no longer recorded in the HNS databases
is the status of the programs that used to transit through four levels,
newly created, developing, consolidated or international
competition, which implies flexibility in future evaluations.
References
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