This work is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution/NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
International Public License - CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-
sa/4.0/legalcode.es
Sinergias educativas
October - December Vol. 7 - 4 - 2022
http://sinergiaseducativas.mx/index.php/revista/
eISSN: 2661-6661
revistasinergias@uteq.edu.ec
Page 28-44
Received: November 22 , 2021
Approved: June 3 , 2022
Inclusive pedagogical strategy based on
DUA and PIAR to develop inferential
reading
Estrategia pedagógica inclusiva basada en DUA y PIAR
para desarrollar la lectura inferencial
Sandra Yamile Gutierrez Galvis
*
Claudia Marcela Bran Urrego
*
Abstract
The objective of this research is to strengthen inferential reading in
sixth grade students of the La Esperanza Educational Institution by
means of a strategy based on the Universal Design of Learning DUA
and the Individual Plan of Reasonable Adjustments PIAR. The
research was conducted from a qualitative approach under the
educational action research design. The population consisted of 34
students in grade 6, including 5 with a diagnosis of disability and 5
presumptive. The results of the research show that the SAD allows
strengthening the inferential comprehension of students with and
without a diagnosis of disability. In addition, there is little
knowledge and application of the principles of SAD for classroom
work; therefore, there is an urgent need to improve training in this
regard. It is also identified that the PIAR is an indispensable tool to
strengthen the academic process of the disabled student, since it
allows understanding how far he/she can go without falling into
capacitism. It is not the student who must change beyond his or her
*Master, Corporación Universitaria Iberoamericana de
Bogotá
sayamile@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8989-
0991
*Master, Corporación Universitaria Iberoamericana de
Bogotá, claudiabran120@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3495-7719
Article
Sinergias educativas
October - December Vol. 7 - 4- 2022
http://sinergiaseducativas.mx/index.php/revista/
29
possibilities; it is the educational institution that must eliminate
learning barriers and prevent the curriculum from preventing the
student from accessing knowledge based on his or her abilities.
Keywords: Comprehension, reading, strategies, didactics.
Resumen
La presente investigación tiene como objetivo Fortalecer la lectura
inferencial en estudiantes de grado sexto de la Institución Educativa
La Esperanza por medio de una estrategia basada en el Diseño
Universal de Aprendizaje DUA y el Plan Individual de Ajustes
Razonables PIAR. Se realiza la investigación desde el enfoque
cualitativo bajo el diseño de investigación acción educativa. La
población estuvo conformada por 34 estudiantes de grado 6, dentro
de los cuales hay 5 con diagnóstico de discapacidad y 5 presuntivos.
Los resultados de la investigación muestran que el DUA permite
fortalecer la comprensión inferencial de los estudiantes con y sin
diagnóstico de discapacidad. Además, que, es poco lo que se
conocen y aplican los principios de DUA para el trabajo en el aula,
por tanto, es una necesidad urgente mejorar la capacitación al
respecto. También se identifica que el PIAR es una herramienta
indispensable para fortalecer el proceso académico del estudiante
discapacitado, ya que permite comprender hasta dónde puede llegar
sin caer en el capacitismo. No es el estudiante el que debe cambiar
más allá de sus posibilidades, es la institución educativa la que debe
eliminar las barreras de aprendizaje y evitar que el currículo le
impida al estudiante acceder, desde sus capacidades, al
conocimiento.
Palabras clave: Comprensión, lectura, estrategias, didácticas.
Introduction
It is intended to account for a research and deepening process
regarding the pedagogical-didactic competencies that future teachers
must develop to face the challenges that inclusive education
demands, taking as a reference the phenomena proposed through the
SAD, which allows a development view from the teacher and student
perspective, competencies that promote educational practices that
make it possible to demonstrate inclusion processes in the classroom.
Sinergias educativas
October - December Vol. 7 - 4- 2022
http://sinergiaseducativas.mx/index.php/revista/
30
This process took place at the La Esperanza Educational Institution,
Medellín, with sixth grade students who had just made their
transition from primary to secondary school, which in turn contained
a subgroup with undiagnosed students with Special Educational
Needs, SEN, through a training proposal focused on developing
and/or strengthening pedagogical-didactic competencies, especially
in the area of Spanish language.
This paper addresses reading from an inclusive approach,
emphasizing what kind of diversity is addressed when talking about
education, which in turn can be answered as the student who may be
physically different, diverse by family, socioeconomic and cultural
origin; diverse in their mother tongue or even their ethnicity. A
diversity of diversities, which is necessarily reflected in a diversity
of ways in which each student learns.
Diversity in learning, in turn, has other aspects that are strictly
related to the structure of the brain and its functioning. The most up-
to-date neuroscientific advances have shown that no two brains are
alike, and although we share similar structures, the areas that are
activated simultaneously in a learning task are different.
Based on the instruments that allow the use and collection of
information, it was possible to describe the transformation process
in the students in training and the results before and after the
implementation of the SAD; likewise, it was possible to recognize
the relevance of teacher training to bring to the classroom processes
from and for the recognition of diversity.
The main objectives of this work are focused on making an effective
and objective scan of the capacities and forms of relationship that are
generated in a student group that has a substantial diversity in each
of its members with all that the concept of diversity entails,
reconstruct the pedagogical practices from this diagnosis during the
intervention process and evaluate the scope of this pedagogical
practice once it was reconstructed on the processes of inferential
reading in sixth grade students with different cognitive abilities, that
Sinergias educativas
October - December Vol. 7 - 4- 2022
http://sinergiaseducativas.mx/index.php/revista/
31
is, with and without a diagnosis of disability who are participants of
this intervention.
The document in question is structured taking into account the
following points:
• The inclusive problem facing the education community along
with deficiencies in reading comprehension according to PISA
2018.
• In-depth study of the SAD, how it works, its implementation
through ICTs and its principles.
• Methodology used according to a qualitative approach, an
action-research design that seeks to solve specific problems of
daily practice, in this case, referring to the educational field.
• Stages of the research process, strategies and the type of
population, to finally lead to an analysis of results or
recommendations.
Materials and methods
The approach of this research is qualitative. The methodological
design of this study is action research, which seeks to solve specific
problems of daily practice. In the specific case of this research,
educational action research is implemented.
The authors Bernardo Restrepo Gómez et al. (2004) in the text:
Investigación - acción educativa: una estrategia de transformación
de la práctica pedagógica de los maestros, indicate that the steps to
carry out this process should be: "deconstruction, reconstruction and
validation of the effectiveness of the reconstructed practice" (p. 29).
They present different experiences that they have collected and
systematized through the application of the model invented by
themselves and which they have called the deconstruction -
reconstruction - experimentation model (pp. 39 - 40), which must go
through the following stages:
Restrepo, B., et al. (2004). Investigación - acción educativa: una
estrategia de transformación de la práctica pedagógica de los
maestros. pp. 39-40.
Sinergias educativas
October - December Vol. 7 - 4- 2022
http://sinergiaseducativas.mx/index.php/revista/
32
Following the guidelines of these authors, the research activities
chronogram is presented, which includes the instruments for the
collection of qualitative information, implementing the following
strategies:
Deconstruction strategies
• Interviews: support teacher (special educator of the institution),
Spanish language teacher of the institution,
• Surveys: to students on reading practices, to teachers on the
use of DUA and PIAR in the classroom.
• Documentary review: of PEI, to identify the relation made of
the inclusion processes.
Reconstruction strategies
• Elaboration and application of reading comprehension pretest.
• Application of DUA in 4 work sessions with students for the
improvement of reading comprehension.
• Classroom evaluation form for students on the clarity and
effectiveness of the content
• Use of Field Diary to record classroom observations.
• Post test application
Analysis strategies
Analysis of the information collected during the intervention process
for the preparation of the final report and transmission of results.
Results
Preparatory phase: Deconstruction of the practice
Interview with support teacher
It is concluded that:
Number of students with disabilities
There are 98 students registered in the SIMAT, but there are more
because the parents have not made the corresponding registration or
the appropriate medical process and therefore they are treated as
presumptive.
Characteristics of group 6-1
At the moment, group 6-1 has 5 diagnosed students and 5
presumptive students with written referrals from teachers.
Sinergias educativas
October - December Vol. 7 - 4- 2022
http://sinergiaseducativas.mx/index.php/revista/
33
Diagnosed students present among other difficulties: Attention
deficit with hyperactivity or inattentive; autism, intellectual
disability, oppositional defiant disorder.
Interview with Spanish language teacher
Made to Yamile Carmona, a graduate in Spanish Language and
Literature.
It is concluded that:
The dedication and commitment of the teacher, student and family.
Awareness of the fact that there are shortcomings on both sides, both
the teacher and the family must be aware of them in order to generate
commitment. The dosage of the academic work and the recognition
of the context since it affects everything. From there the multiple
activities, ideas and dynamics that may arise in order to address the
issues in order to the complexity. Start from the minimum. Plan and
execute according to the difficulties that arise in the group and take
into account the diagnostics to work on the visual, the dosage of
instructions, the continuous repetition of instructions.
Student surveys
A survey was conducted and answered by 26 students, which yielded
the following data of interest:
• The students in group 6-1 range in age from 11 to 15 years old.
Of the respondents 10 are 11 years old (38.5%), 7 are 12 years
old (26.9%), 7 are 13 years old (26.9%), 1 is 14 years old (3.8%),
and 1 is 15 years old (3.8%).
• 48% are men, 52% are women.
• Students live in strata 1, 2 and 3.
• 13% of respondents report having some disability, including:
visual, mental retardation, cognitive.
• 52% of students have lost years: 3 students have lost 1 year
(23.1%), 7 have lost 2 years (53.8%), 2 have lost 3 years
(15.4%), 1 has lost 4 years (7.7%).
• The occupations of fathers and mothers are mostly basic trades,
such as hairdressing, clothing, professional soldier, police,
housewives, a disabled parent, drivers, carpentry, shoemaking,
various trades, among others.
• 84% of the respondents stated that they enjoy reading; 69%
stated that they find it easy, 30% found it difficult, among the
reasons for difficulty were: "Because it makes me feel
Sinergias educativas
October - December Vol. 7 - 4- 2022
http://sinergiaseducativas.mx/index.php/revista/
34
embarrassed and I get bored", "Sometimes I understand and
sometimes I don't", "Because there are very difficult words",
"Because sometimes I don't understand what the book says",
"Because there are words I can't pronounce", "Because
sometimes I get bored", "Sometimes my eyes burn when I read",
"Because it's hard for me to remember what I read", "Because
it's hard for me to remember what I read".
• Among the students' favorite hobbies are: playing games,
watching TV, drawing, watching cell phones, soccer, reading,
watching videos on Facebook and TikTok, writing love letters,
gymnastics, among others.
• 78% of the students know libraries and 72% have books at
home, 84% like to read myths and legends, 40% like to read
stories and art books, they also like texts that talk about love and
horror and suspense.
• For learning to read, students suggest: "Reading stories of myths
and legends with more fear", "Reading more", "Reading with
mime", "Going to the library and doing reading work in pairs",
"With love, patience and tranquility", "Taking us to green areas
to read", "Drawing, reading aloud", "Reading and playing",
"Reading and playing", "Reading and playing".
• Students feel they need to improve in the area of Spanish
Language: "Writing", "Reading", "Spelling", "I need to improve
my handwriting and respect commas", "Yes, behavior and
attention", "Learn more, study more, don't give up", "Yes,
reading, memory and learning to write at all", "My reading
comprehension", "Express myself more", "Read more fluently
and without being embarrassed", "I need to improve my reading
skills", "My reading comprehension", "I need to express myself
more", "I need to read more fluently and without being
embarrassed".
Teacher surveys
A survey was made to 13 teachers of the institution obtaining the
following results:
• 69.2% say they know what DUA is, 30.8% say they do not know
what it is.
• 53.8% stated that they were aware of the principles of DUA,
while 46.2% stated that they were not aware of them.
• When asked what they are, they answer: "I don't know. It seems
to me that to carry out the activities in such a way that they serve
all the students in the class, including those who have some type
Sinergias educativas
October - December Vol. 7 - 4- 2022
http://sinergiaseducativas.mx/index.php/revista/
35
of disability. That is, the Design of activities that reach this
population of students with disabilities, in addition to regular
students."; "Knowing how to use the tools for a good learning
process in young people"; "Flexibility, simplicity, equality,
tolerance to error", "The principles I do not remember",
"Implementation of tools acquired in practice, which strengthen
the development of classes.", "What to learn, how to learn and
what to learn for."
• 84.6% stated that they know what PIAR is, while 15.4% stated
that they do not.
• When asked if they know what it is for, they answer: "to help
students with some diagnosis in the learning process",
"Individual plans for students with some diagnosis", "It serves
to personalize the teaching and learning process for students
with cognitive difficulties", "it favors the adaptation processes
for inclusion".
• When asked if they know how it is implemented, 84.6%
indicated that they do, while 15.4% reported that they do not
know.
• 100% report that they know which students have disabilities.
• When asked why they know this, they answer: "Because this
information was shared by the support professionals of the
Institution". "They are diagnosed", "Because of their
performance and behavior within each class.", "Because I
identify them in the classroom or they are referred by the support
teachers of the institution", "Because of the diagnoses made,
because of my academic training and the processes I carry with
them", "Because they are in the database or because depending
on their performance and what is observed in class they are
referred to psychology and support teachers to make the
attentions and referrals of the youngsters and they are analyzed
by professionals."Because in the teaching process one identifies
some difficulties that they present, whether in concentration,
writing, calculations or language. In addition, the support
professionals of the UAI have provided some of this information
in the institution."
• When asked if they know the diagnoses they respond:
• "Deficit hypertension activity", "Yes, the basic information of
the type of disability of the students already diagnosed is
recorded. But it is difficult to understand well what each one is
about", "Cognitive", "Moderate intellectual disability",
"Attention deficit and others", "Cognitive, socio-affective,
Sinergias educativas
October - December Vol. 7 - 4- 2022
http://sinergiaseducativas.mx/index.php/revista/
36
visual", "The disability is multiple that requires processes of
pedagogical and curricular adaptation and that adaptations must
be made to the curriculum so that the SEN can be accompanied
with assertiveness", "Autism, tdh, dyslexia", "No".
Diagnostic tests
The test consists of 12 questions, of which low results are obtained
in the two tests applied. Both are totally different.
Table 1. Initial reading test
Retrieved from: https://descargatest2.jimdofree.com/estrategias-de-
comprensi%C3%B3n-lectora-stars/
It is identified that the students have serious comprehension
deficiencies, since the reading is simple and in accordance with their
chronological ages, however, the results are low, taking as a base,
the correctness of at least 60% in each item, a goal that is achieved
for half of the items in all levels, that is, 6 out of 12.
Fieldwork phase: Reconstruction of practice
Activity 1
Title: Reading "Why didn't you come?
Description: Read aloud of title, questions from teacher to students
about what they think the reading is going to be about, brainstorming
by students. Reading aloud of the text by the teacher.
At the end of the reading, check with the students to see if they had
agreed on the answers.
Write a new ending and corresponding drawing.
Pregunta
Hallar el significado de la palabra por contexto
Prueba inicial de lectura
Sinergias educativas
October - December Vol. 7 - 4- 2022
http://sinergiaseducativas.mx/index.php/revista/
37
Results: The realization of the change at the end of the reading and
the drawing show the comprehension of the text. The students also
liked to express the most relevant aspect for them by means of a
drawing. During the activity, they showed liking for the topic
covered in the reading and expressed their ideas, first verbally and
then in writing.
Activity 2
Title: Reading "A Crossroads" by Franz Kafka
Description or step-by-step: Reading aloud of the title, questions
from the teacher to the students about what they think the reading
will be about, brainstorming by the students. After this, reading
aloud by the teacher. At the end of the reading, check with the
students to see if they had agreed on the answers. Handing out a sheet
of paper to each student so that they can write down their vision of
the character. At the end of the class, socialization of the students'
work, work presented by themselves.
Results: The participation of the students was excellent, the
representation of the reading done with manual work, in this case
with cotton as the main material, was to the total liking of the
students.
Activity 3
Title: Mandalas
Description of the activity:
Explanation of the meaning of mandalas, the purpose of making
them, the different shades that exist to color them and the intention
of each one of them.
Results: The students carried out the activity trying to apply what
they had learned about the meaning of the colors in the mandalas.
Some of them in the evaluation of the activity, suggested that for
another opportunity to take relaxing music to concentrate better.
Activity 4
Title: Video cartoon "Swan Lake".
Description or step-by-step: Play the video to students and then
request comprehension report by written or verbal means for the
student who does not know how to write.
Sinergias educativas
October - December Vol. 7 - 4- 2022
http://sinergiaseducativas.mx/index.php/revista/
38
Results: The students do not concentrate very well on the activity
because the language is not very understandable due to the fact that
they speak in Spanish from Spain. Although some students liked it.
It is recommended to use the subtitled video.
Activity 5
Title: Video ballet "Swan Lake".
Results: The students do not concentrate very well in the activity
because the language is not very understandable due to the fact that
the actions are performed through dance. Although, the students
state that they did not understand, it was a good experience since
they were concentrated, perhaps, because of the pleasant music of
the presentation.
Analytical phase: Evaluation of results
To finalize the intervention of the reality of group 6-1, a reading
post-test is performed, with a different test than the initial one and a
PIAR Individual Plan of Reasonable Adjustments is proposed for the
student who cannot read or write, which is provided by the support
teacher Alexandra Alegria, taking into account the characteristics of
the student, her clinical history and the generalities of the diagnosis.
Post test. After the intervention, a reading post-test was performed,
which yielded the following results:
Table 2. Final reading test
Retrieved from: https://descargatest2.jimdofree.com/estrategias-de-
comprensi%C3%B3n-lectora-stars/
Pregunta Tipo pregunta nivel respuestas correctas otras respuestas resultado
1 Hallar la Idea Principal inferencial 25,00% 75,00% debilidad
2 Identificar Detalles literal 43% 57% debilidad
3 Comprender la Secuencia literal 35,70% 64,30% debilidad
4 Reconocer Causa y Efecto critico 71,40% 28,60% fortaleza
5 Comparar y contrastar inferencial 78,60% 21,40% fortaleza
6 Hacer Predicciones inferencial 32,10% 67,90% debilidad
7
Hallar el significado de la palabra por contexto
inferencial 35,70% 64,30% debilidad
8 Sacar conclusiones critico 28,60% 71,40% debilidad
9 Distinguir entre hecho y opinión inferencial 42,90% 57,10% debilidad
10 Identificar el propósito del autor inferencial 78,60% 21,40% fortaleza
11 Interpretar el lenguaje figurado inferencial 46,40% 53,60% debilidad
12 Resumir critico 64,30% 35,70% fortaleza
* Se toma como debilidad los valores inferiores al 60% de acierto
* Se toma como fortaleza los valores superiores al 60% de acierto
Prueba final de lectura
Sinergias educativas
October - December Vol. 7 - 4- 2022
http://sinergiaseducativas.mx/index.php/revista/
39
For the second test, of the 12 categories, weaknesses were found in
8 items and successes in 4. Although the second test was taken after
the intervention, it cannot be concluded that comprehension was
affected in any way due to the fact that there were few follow-up
sessions with the students. A greater number of accompaniment
sessions, carried out by the SAD, are required to improve inferential
reading rates.
Discussion
Group 6-1 is characterized by the disruptive actions they frequently
present during classes. Through the diagnostic and intervention
activities, it has become evident that this group has students with
disabilities or presumed disabilities. According to information
provided by the support teacher, there are currently 10 students, 5 of
whom have been diagnosed and 5 are presumed to have disabilities.
Among those diagnosed there are 3 with TDH, 1 with autism and 1
with intellectual disability. The presumptive students are mostly
characterized by difficulty in complying with the norm and
disruptive actions, in addition to one student who has a visual
impairment. It can also be observed that some students have extra-
age for the grade: between 13 and 15 years old.
In addition, there is a high percentage of repeaters in the group, since
13 students are repeaters: 3 students have missed 1 year (23.1%), 7
have missed 2 years (53.8%), 2 have missed 3 years (15.4%), 1 has
missed 4 years (7.7%). Repetition may be a sign of disability or
learning difficulties.
Another important aspect is that the students live in low strata 1, 2
and 3, which may explain, in part, the low academic performance,
disruptive behaviors and low cultural level.
In addition, most of the parents work in basic trades or are
unemployed, which in some cases explains the lack of
accompaniment.
Sinergias educativas
October - December Vol. 7 - 4- 2022
http://sinergiaseducativas.mx/index.php/revista/
40
The majority of students 84% like reading, but express difficulties in
comprehending, pronouncing and remembering what they read.
Although the students are familiar with libraries and have books at
home, they report that they read very little. In addition, they report
that they have less than 10 books at home, which shows little reading
culture.
Students' hobbies should be rescued to make planning, among which
are: watching TV, playing, soccer, social networks, among others.
What they like to read the most is myths and legends 84%, followed
by stories 40%, reading can be promoted from this aspect.
They also express that they need to improve their fluency, spelling,
memory and writing skills.
Among the suggestions, students say that they want to be read to
more, in places other than the classroom, and that they want more
stories, myths and legends to be read.
From the survey of teachers, it can be inferred that there is no clarity
in the application of DUA and PIAR. Thirty percent state that they
do not know what DUA is. The most worrisome thing is that the 54%
who state that they do know them, when they are asked to mention
them, do not do so correctly but by means of intuition and there are
answers in all senses.
Another difficulty that arises is that, although teachers know the
disabilities of the students they do not know the specific strategies
for each student according to the disability, that is where the use of
DUA and PIAR becomes relevant. In addition, recalling the
interview with the support teacher: "it is necessary for the teacher to
improve each time the training on the topic of inclusion in the
classroom."
References
Aguirre Morales, E. B., & Marín Vargas, M. A. (2017). Design of a
curricular proposal from the Universal Design for Learning
(DUA) for the promotion of resilience in articulation with
academic areas for the Aula Pablito program of the Pablo
Tobón Uribe Hospital. (U. d. Antioquia, Ed.) Retrieved from
Sinergias educativas
October - December Vol. 7 - 4- 2022
http://sinergiaseducativas.mx/index.php/revista/
41
https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstream/10495/22622/
1/AguirreEvelyn_2017_DisenoCurricularAprendizaje.pdf
Ainscow, M., & Miles, S. (2008). Making education for all
inclusive: where next?. Prospects. Obtenido de
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11125-008-
9055-0
Alba, C., Sánchez, J., & Zubillaga, A. (2011). Universal Design for
Learning (UDL): Guidelines for its introduction into the
curriculum. Retrieved from
https://www.educadua.es/doc/dua/dua_pautas_intro_cv.pdf
Aragall F., & Eucan (2013). Evolving design for all, from theory to
practice ECA 2013. Retrieved from
http://www.eca.lu/index.php/documents/eucan-
documents/40-2013-spanish-version-design-for-all-in-
progress-from-theory-to-practice-eca-2013/file
Baldiris, S., Fabregat, R., Cuesta, J., & Muñoz, T. (2015). Co-create
inclusive and accessible OER co-creation model.
Engineering and Innovation, 3(2). Retrieved from
https://revistas.unicordoba.edu.co/index.php/rii/article/view/
859
Booth, T., & Ainscow, M. (2000). Index for icnlusion. Spanish
translation Guía para la evaluación y mejora de la eduación
inclusiva. Madrid: Consorcio Universitario para la
Educación Inclusiva Retrieved from
https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/498293.pdf
Castañeda, L. S., & Henao, J. I. (2001). Research experience in a
reading and writing workshop for teachers. In M. C. Martínez
(Ed.), Learning reasoned argumentation. Thematic
development in expository and argumentative texts (pp. 139-
160). Cali: Graphic Arts Unit of the Faculty of Humanities,
Universidad del Valle.
Caycho Caycho, J. P. (2017). Las competencias comunicativas y la
lectura inferencial en os estudiantes del V ciclo de una
institución educativa privada. Retrieved from
https://repositorio.ucv.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/20.500.1269
2/12737/Caycho_CJP.pdf?sequence=1
Cerón, J. (n.d.). UDL - Universal Design for Learning - (Universal
Design for Learning) and Neuroscience. Retrieved from
https://jhoni-ceron.home.blog/2020/06/01/udl-dua-y-la-
neurociencia/
Sinergias educativas
October - December Vol. 7 - 4- 2022
http://sinergiaseducativas.mx/index.php/revista/
42
Cifuentes Gómez, C. M. (2019). Development of Teaching
Competencies for Inclusive Education. A proposal for
teacher training based on Universal Design for Learning.
Retrieved from
https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstream/10495/13841/
1/CifuentesGomezClaudia_2019_CompetenciasDocentesEd
ucacion.pdf
Condemarín, M. (1981). Assessment of reading comprehension.
Lectura y Vida, 2(2), 5-16. Retrieved from
http://www.lecturayvida.fahce.unlp.edu.ar/numeros/a2n2/02
_02_Condemarin.pdf
Correa, L. (January 27, 2020). The PIAR: what it is, what it is for
and what it should include. Retrieved from
https://www.desclab.com/post/_piar
El Tiempo (April 26, 2021). Colombian students crack in reading
comprehension. Retrieved from
https://www.eltiempo.com/vida/educacion/dia-del-idioma-
estudiantes-del-pais-con-bajo-nivel-de-comprension-
lectora-583378
Espinosa Pulido, A. (2020). Reading strategies and their incidence
in the reading comprehension of students at a public
university in northwestern Mexico. RIDE Revista
Iberoamericana Para La Investigación Y El Desarrollo
Educativo, 11(21). https://doi.org/10.23913/ride.v11i21.689
Saldarriaga Concha Foundation (2020). Principle 1 Multiple ways of
presenting information. Retrieved from
https://www.saldarriagaconcha.org/wp-
content/uploads/2020/06/infografias-dua1-1.png
Saldarriaga Concha Foundation (2020). Principle 2 Multiple ways of
expressing information. Retrieved from
https://www.saldarriagaconcha.org/wp-
content/uploads/2020/06/infografias-dua2-1-1.png
Saldarriaga Concha Foundation (2020). Principle 3 Multiple Forms
of Involvement. Retrieved from
https://www.saldarriagaconcha.org/wp-
content/uploads/2020/06/infografias-dua3-1.png
ICFES. Colombian Institute for the Evaluation of Education (2020).
Informe Nacional de Resultados para Colombia - PISA 2018.
Retrieved from
https://www.icfes.gov.co/documents/20143/1529295/Infor
Sinergias educativas
October - December Vol. 7 - 4- 2022
http://sinergiaseducativas.mx/index.php/revista/
43
me%20nacional%20de%20resultados%20PISA%202018.pd
f
Lasso, M. (2015). Inclusive culture in the school. Journal for the
classroom, (14). 24-25.
Larrosa, Jorge (2003). La experiencia de la lectura: Estudios sobre
literatura y formación, 2 ed. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura
Económica.
Lizarazú Bernal, B. C. (2018). How to propitiate inferential reading
in students. Infancias Imágenes, 17(1), 109-116. Retrieved
from
https://revistas.udistrital.edu.co/index.php/infancias/issue/vi
ew/883/290
Mancera, L., Baldiris, S., Fabregat, R., & Sánchez, M. (2016).
Universal Design for E-Learning: An Experience In The
Manuela Beltrán University To Support A Learner With
ADHD. Engineering and Innovation, 4(1). Retrieved from
https://revistas.unicordoba.edu.co/index.php/rii/article/view/
969
Meijer, C., et al. (2003). Inclusive Education and Classroom
Practice Summary Report European Agency for
Development in Special Needs Education. Retrieved from
http://www.european-agency.org
file:///C:/Users/USUARIO/Downloads/DECRETO%20142
1%20DEL%2029%20DE%20AGOSTO%20DE%202017.p
df
Ministry of National Education. (2018) Individual plan of
reasonable accommodations PIAR, instructive instruments:
Description of the instruments that are part of the student's
school history. Colombia. Retrieved from
https://tinyurl.com/yy6t5obd
Ministry of National Education (2018). Report on Excellence .
Retrieved from
https://diae.mineducacion.gov.co/dia_e/siempre_diae/docu
mentos/2018/105001010448.pdf
Ministry of Education of Guatemala (2014). Solution to the Short
Reading Assessment. Retrieved from
https://www.mineduc.gob.gt/digeduca/documents/pruebasLi
beradas/graduandos/Solucion_Prueba_LecturaGRAD-A.pdf
Moreno, J. A., Ayala Sáenz, R., Díaz Pardo, J. C., & Vásquez García,
C. A. (2010). Reading practices: comprehension and
Sinergias educativas
October - December Vol. 7 - 4- 2022
http://sinergiaseducativas.mx/index.php/revista/
44
assessment. Trends, status and projections. Forma y Función,
23(1), 145-175. Retrieved from
https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/formayfuncion/article
/view/18168/19080
OECD (2019). Results From PISA 2018. Retrieved from
https://www.oecd.org/pisa/publications/PISA2018_CN_CO
L_ESP.pdf
OECD (n.d.). PISA. Programme for International Student
Assessment Results from PISA 2018. Retrieved from
https://www.oecd.org/pisa/publications/PISA2018_CN_CO
L_ESP.pdf
UN. (2003). Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for
Persons with Disabilities. Retrieved from
https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/dissres1.htm
UN. (2006). International Convention on the Rights of Persons with
Disabilities. Retrieved from
https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/documents/tccconvs.
pdf
Oxford Languages (n.d.). Disability. Retrieved from
https://languages.oup.com/google-dictionary-es/
Pastor, A., et al. (2020). SAD principles. educaDUA Retrieved from:
http://www.educadua.es/html/dua/pautasDUA/dua_principi
os.html
Rosato, A., Angelino, A., Almeida, M., Angelino, C., Kippen, E.,
Sanchez, C., . . . Priolo, M. (November 2009). The role of the
ideology of normality in the production of disability.
Science, Teaching and Technology(39), 87-105. Retrieved
from https://elibro.net/es/ereader/biblioibero/9718
Tobón, I. C., & Cuesta Palacios, L. M. (2020). Universal design for
learning and curriculum. Sophia, 16(2), 166-182. Retrieved
from
https://www.redalyc.org/journal/4137/413766809003/movil
/
Villegas, E., & Cancino de la Hoz, A. M. (2021). Plan of reasonable
accommodation study (PIAR) and universal design for
learning (DUA): great tools that enable reflection in higher
education. Retrieved from
https://repository.unad.edu.co/handle/10596/40988